The potential form in Japanese verbs is utilized to indicate the capability or possibility of performing an action, and it is commonly translated into English as can V. The three classes of verbs (る-verbs, う-verbs, and irregular verbs) transform into their potential
forms as shown below.
る-Verbs: Drop る and add られる
たべる:
たべる+られる
⇒ たべられる
おきる:
おきる+られる
⇒ おきられる
ねる:
ねる+られる
⇒ ねられる
Some Japanese use the alternate
rule: Drop る and add れる
resulting in shorter potential forms like たべれる, おきれる, and ねれる.
う-Verbs:
Change /i/ of a verb stem or /u/ of a plain form to /e/ and add る
のみます (nomi-) or のむ (nomu)
のめ (nome) + る
⇒ のめる
かいます (kai-) or かう (kau)
かえ (kae) + る
⇒ かえる
いきます (iki-) or いく (iku)
いけ (ike) + る
⇒ いける
はなします (hanasi-) or はなす (hanasu)
はなせ (hanase)+ る
⇒ はなせる
とります (tori-) or とる (toru)
とれ (tore)+ る
⇒ とれる
およぎます (oyogi-) or およぐ (oyogu)
およげ (oyoge)+ る
⇒ およげる
あそびます (asobi-) or あそぶ (asobu)
あそべ (asobe)+ る
⇒ あそべる
まちます (mati-) or まつ (matsu)
まて (mate)+ る
⇒ まてる
Irregular Verbs:
する
⇒ できる
くる
⇒ こられる (or これる)
Once verbs are changed to the potential forms, all of the potential verbs (regardless of the original verb types) conjugate
as る-verbs as shown below.
Irregular Verbs
⇒る-Verbs
る-Verbs
⇒る-Verbs
う-Verbs
⇒る-Verbs
Nonpast affirmative
できる
おきられる
よめる
Nonpast negative
できない
おきられない
よめない
Past affirmative
できた
おきられた
よめた
Past negative
できなかった
おきられなかった
よめなかった
Vて form
できて
おきられて
よめて
The direct object makrer を of the potential verb optionally changes to が as shown below. This change is required for the
verb できる as shown below.
日本ご
を
はなす
speak Japanese
→ 日本ご
が
はなせる
can speak Japanese
→ 日本ご
を
はなせる
かんじ
を
かく
write kanji
→ かんじ
が
かける
can write kanji
→ かんじ
を
かける
テニス
を
する
play tennis
→ テニス
が
できる
can play tennis
→テニス
を
できる
[ungrammatical]
The examples below indicate the subject's ability.
In Japanese, the concept of self-controllability plays a pivotal role in determining whether certain verbs can be conjugated into their potential forms. This concept hinges on the degree of control a subject has over the action denoted by the verb. Specifically, verbs that describe actions or states beyond the subject's control cannot be converted into potential forms. For instance, the verb ある, meaning "to exist" or "to have," cannot be converted into a potential form as shown above. The existence or presence of something is not an action that a subject can control or influence, thus making the concept of potentiality inapplicable. Similarly, the verb わかる also does not have a potential form in standard usage. Understanding is often perceived as a spontaneous process or realization, not an action that one can decide to perform or not. A practical way to gauge the self-controllability of a verb is through the "self-controllability test." This involves attempting to use the verb in volitional forms such as "Let's [verb]!" or in negative requests like "Please don't [verb]!" If these constructions sound unnatural or infeasible, it indicates that the verb describes an action or state beyond direct control. For example, phrases like わかりましょう (Let's understand!) and わからないでください (Please don't understand!) are not viable in Japanese, underscoring that わかる is not a self-controllable verb and thus does not form a potential variant. This distinction underscores a nuanced aspect of Japanese verb usage, where the nature of the action—whether it's volitional or involuntary—significantly influences verb conjugation possibilities.
日本ごが わかります。→ 日本ごが わかられます。[ungrammatical]
FYI: The verbs, 見る and 聞く have two potential forms. One group expresses what is available
for the speaker to see and hear, that is, "visible," or
"audible," and the other expresses the subject's ability (including privilege/permission)
to see and hear.
ここから、富士山が 見えます。(visible)
こどもはRの映画は 見られません。でも、PG13は 見られるでしょう。(ability/permission to see)
The connective なら expresses a condition stemming from a previous context: If it is the case that... Normally, a plain-form precedes なら except that the non-past copula だ is deleted before なら. This is marked by below. The past copula だった is not deleted.
Plain Form
なら
い-Adj.
いい
よくない
よかった
よくなかった
なら
な-Adj.
ゆうめい
ゆうめいじゃない
ゆうめいだった
ゆうめいじゃなかった
なら
Noun
きょうは雨
きょうは雨じゃない
きのうは雨だった
きのうは雨じゃなかった
なら
Verb
来る
来ない
来た
来なかった
なら
Examples:
やすいなら買いますけど、高いなら買いません。 If it is cheap, I will buy it. But, if it is expensive, I won't.
あした、ひまなら、いっしょにえいがを見に行きませんか。 If you are not busy tomorrow, would you like to go to see a movie?
午前9時から午後3時までなら 働けます。 If it's from 9 am to 3 pm, I can work.
きのうまで病気だったなら、今日しゅくだいを出さなくてもいいですよ。 If it is the case that you were sick until yesterday, you don't have to turn in the homework today.
A: コンピュータを買いたいんです。
B: コンピュータを買いたいなら、ノートパソコンがいいですよ。 If you are going to buy a computer, a notebook computer is good.
A: 日本語のせいせきがわるかったんです。
B: 日本語のせいせきがわるかったなら、オフィスアワーに来たほうがいいですよ。 If your Japanese grade was bad, you should come to my office hours.
The connective し lists coincidental actions and states (no chronological sequence implied). It is primarily used in conversation (not used in formal text) and adds a sense of and what's more. In contrast, when て-form is used to connect actions of the same person, it usually implies chronological sequence: 朝おきて、はをみがいた (I woke up in the morning and (then) brushed my teeth. The connective し normally takes the plain form.
Plain Form
し
い-Adjective
いい
よくない
よかった
よくなかった
し
な-Adjective
ゆうめいだ
ゆうめいじゃない
ゆうめいだった
ゆうめいじゃなかった
し
Noun
きょうは雨だ
きょうは雨じゃない
きのうは雨だった
きのうは雨じゃなかった
し
Verb
来る
来ない
来た
来なかった
し
Examples:
ニューヨークではブロードウェーのショーも見たし、NBCスタジオにも行ったし、
びじゅつかんにも行きました。 In New York, I saw Broadway show, (and what's more) I went to NBC Studio,
(and what's more) I went to a museum. (I did all of that but not necessarily in that order.)
弟はさかなが きらいだし、やさいも食べません。 My younger brother dislikes fish, and (what's more) he does not eat vegetable, either.
日本では、あきはばらに行きたいし、ふじさんにものぼりたいです。 In Japan, I want to go to Akihabara, and (what's more) I want to climb Mt. Fuji.
The connective し is often used to list a series of coincidental facts followed by a conclusion.
ニューヨークでは
ブロードウェーのショーも見たし、びじゅつかんにも行ったし、楽しかったです。 coincidental facts conclusion In New York, I saw Broadway show, (and what's more) I went to a museum, and it was fun.
今日はさむいし、雨もふっているし、あまり出かけたくない。 coincidental facts conclusion It is cold and is also raining today, and I don't want to go out very much.
The second sentence above implies that the fact that it is cold today and is raining could be the reason for not wanting to go out. If you replace the last し with から, the reason becomes more explicit and direct.
今日はさむいし、雨もふっているから、あまり出かけたくない。 reasons/causes result/effect It is cold and is also raining today, and so (that's why) I don't want to go out very much.
The form Vてみる literally means V
and see or find out (what it's like).
Vて
みる
食べて
みる
eat it to find out (what it's like);
try to eat it
やって or して
みる
do it to find out (what it's like);
try to do it
きて
みる
wear it to find out (what it's like);
try [clothes] on
つかって
みる
use it to find out (what it's like);
try to use it
見て
みる
look at it to find out (what it's like);
try to look
Vてみる is often translated as try to
V, but there is a difference between the Japanese Vてみる and try to V. Vてみる implies an initiation of V-ing, but trying to V does
not. For example, 電話してみる implies that you have at least initiated
the action of making a phone call but you did not complete that action for some reason. In contrast, to try to call in English does not
always imply that you have initiated the action since you can say I
tried to call you, but I was too busy to do so. In contrast, 電話してみたけど、いそがしくてできませんでした (I called you to see [if you would answer] but I was too busy to do so???) is a contradiction in Japanese. More examples follow:
てんぷらをつくってみた。 I cooked tempura (to see how it would turn out).
日本に行ってみたい。 I want to go to Japan (to see what it's like).
先生に話してみましょう。 Let's talk to the teacher (to see what he/she says).
この薬を飲んでみたほうがいいですよ。 You should try this medicine.
わしょくだから、はしを使ってみませんか。 Since it's Japanese food,
why don't use chopsticks?
In Lesson 6A, we learned the calendar expressions as shown below. marks exceptions.
The number of days and dates
いちにち
ついたち
一日
1 day
1st of the month
ふつか
二日
2 days; 2nd
みっか
三日
3 days; 3rd
よっか
四日
4 days; 4th
いつか
五日
5 days; 5th
むいか
六日
6 days; 6th
なのか
七日
7 days; 7th
ようか
八日
8 days; 8th
ここのか
九日
9 days; 9th
とおか
十日
10 days; 10th
じゅういちにち
十一日
11 days; 11th
にじゅういちにち
二十一日
21 days; 21st
じゅうににち
十二日
12 days; 12th
にじゅうににち
二十二日
22 days; 22nd
じゅうさんにち
十三日
13 days; 13th
にじゅうさんにち
二十三日
23 days; 23rd
じゅうよっか
十四日
14 days; 14th
にじゅうよっか
二十四日
24 days; 24th
じゅうごにち
十五日
15 days; 15th
にじゅうごにち
二十五日
25 days; 25th
じゅうろくにち
十六日
16 days; 16th
にじゅうろくにち
二十六日
26 days; 26th
じゅうしちにち
十七日
17 days; 17th
にじゅうしちにち
二十七日
27 days; 27th
じゅうはちにち
十八日
18 days; 18th
にじゅうはちにち
二十八日
27 days; 28th
じゅうくにち
十九日
19 days; 19th
にじゅうくにち
二十九日
29 days; 29th
はつか
二十日
20 days; 20th
さんじゅうにち
三十日
30 days; 30th
さんじゅういちにち
三十一日
31 days; 31st
なんにち
何日
How many days;
what date?
We now add the length of time in months. This is counted by the ~かげつ counter.
Months (Written as ~ヶ月 or ~か月)
いちがつ
いっかげつ
一月
一か月
January
one month
しちがつ
ななかげつ
七月
七か月
July
seven months
にがつ
にかげつ
二月
二か月
February
two months
はちがつ
はちかげつ or はっかげつ
八月
八か月
August
eight months
さんがつ
さんかげつ
三月
三か月
March
three months
くがつ
きゅうかげつ
九月
九か月
September
nine months
しがつ
よんかげつ
四月
四か月
April
four months
じゅうがつ
じゅっかげつ
十月
十か月
October
ten months
ごがつ
ごかげつ
五月
五か月
May
five months
じゅういちがつ
じゅういっかげつ
十一月
十一か月
November
eleven months
ろくがつ
ろっかげつ
六月
六か月
June
six months
じゅうにがつ
じゅうにかげつ
十二月
十二か月
December
twelve months
なんがつ
なんかげつ
何月
何か月
What month?
How many months?
The ねん counter is used to refer to the exact year as well as the length of years. The counter
年間
only refers the length of years.
いちねん
一年
1 year;
1st year
いちねんかん
一年間
1 year
にねん
二年
2 years; 2nd year
にねんかん
二年間
2 years
さんねん
三年
3 years; 3rd year
さんねんかん
三年間
3 years
よねん
四年
4 years; 4th year
よねんかん
四年間
4 years
ごねん
五年
5 years; 5th year
ごねんかん
五年間
5 years
ろくねん
六年
6 years; 6th year
ろくねんかん
六年間
6 years
しちねん or ななねん
七年
7 years; 7th year
しちねんかん or ななねんかん
七年間
7 years
はちねん
八年
8 years; 8th year
はちねんかん
八年間
8 years
きゅうねん or くねん
九年
9 years; 9th year
きゅうねんかん or くねんかん
九年間
9 years
じゅうねん
十年
10 years; 10th year
じゅうねんかん
十年間
10 years
なんねん
何年
how many years?
what date?
なんねんかん
何年間
How many years?
If the particle に follows, 何日 and 何年 are questions about the exact time---what date and what year, respectively. If no particle follows them, they are questions on length of time---how many days and how many years, respectively.
A: 何日に行きましたか。On what date did you go? B: 三日に行きました。I went there on the third of the month.
A: 何日行っていますか。How many days have you been going there? B: 三日行っています。I have been going there for three days.
A: 何年に行きましたか。In what year did you go? B:2003年に行きました。I went there in 2003.
A: 何年行っていますか。How many years have you been going there? B: 三年行っています。I have been going there for three years.
The complete dates are said in the order of larger to smaller units (~年~月 ~日). There are two ways to count calendar years in Japanese---the Western style and the Japanese style. The Western-style years are referred to by simply reading the number as a whole number and add 年. We never divide the year expressions into two parts like you do in English (e.g., 1996 = nineteen ninety-six).
1996年 = せん きゅうひゃく きゅうじゅうろく ねん
2011年 = にせん じゅういち ねん
To count calendar years in the Japanese-style, we use the designation for each "era". The era designation changes each time a new emperor is installed. The current emperor was installed in 1989 and the era designation was changed from 昭和
to
平成 in that year. As a result, 1989 is 平成1年. Here are the recent eras in Japan.
明治: 明治1年~明治45年 (9/8/1868 - 7/30/1912)
大正: 大正1年~大正15年 (7/30/1912 - 12/15/1926)
昭和: 昭和1年~昭和64年 (12/15/1926 - 1/7/1989)
平成: 平成1年~げんざい (1/7/1989 - the present)
Nowadays, most statistics are written in the Western-style calendar.
This pattern expresses the speaker's conjecture or inference based on what he sees or hears. It often translates as "looks like/sounds like" or "appears." The stems are obtained as follows:
How to obtain the stem
い-Adj
drop い
あつい あつ
たかい たか
食べたい 食べた
な-Adj
drop な
げんきな げんき
しずかな しずか
Verb
drop ます
ふります(it rains)ふり
よめます(can read)よめ
います(someone is located/stays)い
The following table shows this pattern with three possible predicate types in affirmative forms.
Affirmative
+ そうだ (appears X)
あつい
あつそうだ
It looks hot.
気分がわるい
気分がわるそうだ
It looks he is feeling sick.
むずかしい
むずかしそうだ
It looks difficult.
食べたい
食べたそうだった
She looked she wanted to eat it.
げんきだ
げんきそうだ
He/She looks healthy.
にぎやかだ
にぎやかそうだ
It looks cheerfully noisy.
べんりだ
べんりそうだ
It looks convenient.
ひまだ
ひまそうだった
He/She looked idle/not-busy.
ある
ありそうだ
It looks like there is...
ふる
ふりそうだ
It looks like it's going to rain.
読める
読めそうだった
It looked like I could read it.
高くなる
高くなりそうだ
It looks like it'll be expensive.
This pattern does not work for nouns.
The corresponding negative そうだ forms requires an extra sound さ between the stem ~な and そうだ. The Vなさそうだ has an alternate appearance pattern Vそうにない which is a stronger form of negation than Vなさそうだ.
Negative
+さ +そうだ (appears not X)
V + そうにない
(does not appear to V whatsoever)
あつくない
あつくなさそうだ It does not look hot.
n/a
しずかじゃない
しずかじゃなさそうだ It does not look quiet.
n/a
ふらない
ふらなさそうだ It looks like it's not going to rain.
ふりそうにない It does not look like it's going to rain.
ない
なさそうだ It looks like there isn't.
ありそうにない It does not look like there is...
The adjective いい also requiresさ between the stem よ and そうだ.
いい
よさそうだ (not いさそうだ)
appears good
よくない
よくなさそうだ (not いくなさそうだ)
appears not good
does not appear good
The stem+そうだ phrase itself behaves like a な-adjective, so when it appears before a noun, it changes to そうな.
Stem + そうな
Noun
たかそうな
ふく
expensive-looking clothes
こわそうな
先生
scary-looking teacher
げんきそうな
こども
healthy-looking child
雨がふりそうな
天気
weather that looks like it's going to rain (Lit. It-is-going-to-rain weather)
When the stem+そうだ phrase modifies a predicate, it changes to そうに, just like a な-adjective. The phrase そうに creates a sense of "as if..."
Stem + そうに
Predicate
さむそうに
している
looking like he/she is cold
is acting as if he/she is cold