Contents
1. Honorific Verb Forms
2. Honorific Advice
3. Honorific Nouns & Adj.
4. ~てくれてありがとう
5. ~てよかったです
6. ~はずです
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1
 Honorific Verb Forms 

 

In this lesson, we will introduce honorific verbs (marked by honorific below). Honorific verbs are used to describe actions of others we respect (Someone does something graciously or respectfully). Being able to use the proper honorific language ( (そん)(けい)() or (けい)()) is seen as the rite of passage for young Japanese. If you, as a Japanese language student, can demonstrate honorific language skills well, you would command a great deal of respect.

 

Some commonly used verbs take special honorific forms. Note that some verbs below are marked as special -verbs (sp). They have a special polite form (~います instead of ~ります). For your reference, humble forms ((けん)(じょう)() marked by humble) are also shown below. You may have already seen some of them.

Neutral Verbs
(or Noun )
Honorific Forms honorific Humble humble
(FYI)
  Plain Polite
 いる (sp) いらっしゃる いらっしゃます
[おります]
 行く (sp) いらっしゃる いらっしゃます
[まいります]
 来る (sp) いらっしゃる いらっしゃます
[まいります]
 ~ている   (sp) ~ていらっしゃる ~ていらっしゃます [~ております]
 言う (sp) おっしゃる おっしゃます [もうします]
 する (sp) なさる なさます [いたします]
 くれる (sp) くださる くださます Not applicable
 食べる () めしあがる めしあがります [いただきます]
 飲む
 あげる Different expressions are used. [さしあげます]
 もらう Different expressions are used. [いただきます]
 知っているflag (n) ごぞんじだ ごぞんじです [ぞんじております] 
 知らないflag (n) ごぞんじじゃない ごぞんじじゃありません [ぞんじません]
 Noun   (sp) ~でいらっしゃる ~でいらっしゃます Not applicable

Note that ~でいらっしゃる (or ~でいらっしゃいます) works only for people. You can say 田中さんは先生でいらっしゃいます, but never ungrammaticalそれは田中さんの車でいらっしゃいます [ungrammatical]. The correct expression is それは田中さんの車でございます.

 

flag The resultant state of knowing something is truly exceptional as shown above.

 

Some honorific verbs are created by embedding them in the honorific verb pattern (+V-stem+になる) as shown below. Not all verbs work this way. Embed verbs in this form only if you have seen them used this way. A small number of verbs are exceptional (e.g., Many of these are いる, 見る, 着る, ねる and other one-syllable stem verbs).

Neutral Verbs Honorific Formshonorific
  Verb に なる 
 まつ まち になる
 とる とり になる
 書く 書き になる
 帰る 帰り になる
 使(つか) 使い になる
 会う 会い になる
 読む 読み になる
 よぶ (to call/summon) よび になる
 急ぐ (to hurry) 急ぎ になる
Neutral Verbs Exceptionshonorific
 ねる 休み になる
 見る らん になる
 () (to wear) めし になる
Neutral Forms Business Forms
(Not honorific)
 ある (is located; to have)   ございます
 Noun   ~でございます

Honorific verbs and honorific forms are used when you talk about (1) someone who is higher in social hierarchy, (2) someone who is outside of your in-group (e.g., the same company, family, groups, etc.) or (3) someone you don't know. Do not use honorific forms to describe your own actions.

  • あした、何時に いらっしゃいますかhonorific (Instead of 来ますか/行きますか)
    What time are you coming/going tomorrow?

  • 先生は何と おっしゃっていましたかhonorific (Instead of 言っていましたか)
    What was Professor saying?


  • 何か めしあがりませんかhonorific (Instead of 食べますか/飲みますか)
    Would you like to have something?


  • おかださんのお父さんは ゴルフを なさっているhonorificそうです。 (Instead of しているそうです)
    I heard that Ms. Okada's father plays golf.


  • 先生が これを くださいましたhonorific (Instead of くれました)
    The teacher gave me this.


  • スミスさんは テレビを ごらんになっていますhonorific (Instead of 見ています)
    Mr. Smith is watching TV.

  • スミスさんにお会いになったhonorificことがありますか。 (Instead of 会ったことがありますか)
    Have you ever met Mr. Smith?


  • 先生はどんな料理をお作りになりますhonorific
    What kind of food do you cook, Professor?
For on-going actions and resultant state expressions (Vている), two separate honorific forms are possible.
  1. Vている ⇒ Vていらっしゃる conjugation
    何を聞いていらっしゃるんですかhonorific
    What are you listening?
    先生は本を読んでいらっしゃったhonorificそうです。 I heard that the teacher was reading a book.
    or
  2. Vている ⇒ お + V-stem+に なって いる conjugation
    何をお聞きになっているんですかhonorific What are you listening?
    先生は本をお読みになっていたhonorificそうです。 I heard that the teacher was reading a book.

Do not combine these honorific forms to describe a single activity: 何をお聞きになってhonorificいらっしゃるhonorificんですか [inappropriate].

 

In business context, you use honorific expressions when you talk about (1) your superior or (2) someone from a different company. Here is an example. Ms. Okada and you are colleagues who work for Company A, and Division Manager Tanaka is your boss. This is how you would talk about your own boss.

Okada: 田中部長(ぶちょう)は何時にお帰りになりますかhonorificWhat time will Div. Mgr. Tanaka return?
You: (田中部長は)4時にお帰りになりますhonorific He will return at four.

Now, you are talking with Ms. Smith from Company B. This time you do NOT use the honorific form even if you are talking about your own boss.

Smith: 田中部長は何時にお帰りになりますかhonorificWhat time will Div. Mgr. Tanaka return?
You: (田中は)4時に帰ります He will return at four.

Note: In the second example, you even drop his title. You do not need to feel disrespectful toward your boss. On the contrary, it is a serious blunder to use honorific expressions to talk about the members (even your boss) of your own in-group if you are talking with an out-group member. (In-group vs. out-group distinction is more important than the internal hierarchy within the in-group.)

 

2
 Honorific Advice/Gentle Encouragement 

 

Honorific advice forms (+V-stem+ください: Please V) are often used in situations when someone encourages others to do something politely for their own good. This form is often used in public announcements. If the action is encouraged because it benefits the speaker, not the person who does the action, it is considered as a request and this advice form cannot be used.
  Neutral Verbs Honorific Formshonorific
  Verb 下さい    
   やすむ, ねる
やすみ 下さい   Please rest/go to bed.
   書く 書き 下さい   Please write it down.
   まつ まち 下さい   Please wait.
   もつ もち 下さい   Please take (= carry) it.
   とる とり 下さい   Please take it.
   はいる はいり 下さい   Please enter.
   帰る 帰り 下さい   Please go home.
   つかう つかい 下さい   Please use it.
   会う 会い 下さい   Please meet [someone]. 
   読む 読み 下さい   Please read it.
   よぶ よび 下さい   Please call/summon.
   いそぐ いそぎ 下さい   Please hurry.
    Exceptional Honorific Formshonorific
   見る らん 下さい   Please look at it.
   食べる, 飲む めしあがり 下さい   Please help yourself.
   着る めし 下さい   Please wear it.

The following do not work because the encouraged action benefits the speaker, not the person who does the action.

  • ungrammaticalすみませんが、そのドアをお開け下さい [ungrammatical]
    Could you please open the door (for me)?
    Use Vていただけませんか to make such a request: ドアを開けていただけませんか。

  • ungrammaticalすみませんが、そのティッシュをおとり下さい [ungrammatical]
    Could you pass me the (facial) tissue?
    Use Vていただけませんか to make such a request: ティッシュをとっていただけませんか。

There are many irregularities in the +V-stem+ください form, and not all verbs work in this way. Use them only if you hear them used in public. More examples of honorific advice follow:

  • 電車が来ます。白線(はくせん)のうちがわにさがっておまち下さい
    Trains are coming. Please step back behind the white line and wait.

  • (よう)のさいは、きいろいボタンでおしらせ下さい
    If you have any request, please let us know with the yellow button.

 

 

3
 Honorific Nouns and Adjectives 

 

Some nouns and adjectives can be made into honorific forms by using the honorific prefixes or.  In general, is used for Japanese-origin words (typically with a single kanji character) and is used for Chinese-origin words (typically made of two kanji characters), but there are many exceptions. Words written in katakana are rarely made into honorific forms. (flag The kanji is usually pronounced as はな as in 話します. However, as a stand-alone noun, is pronounced as はなし (or ばなし) by itself.)

      お~ ご~
  Nouns   (はなし) flag 住所(じゅうしょ)
  (みせ) 出身(しゅっしん)
  お休み ご予定
  お水 結婚(けっこん)
  (はな) ご病気
  (くに) ご旅行
  お飲み物 注文(ちゅうもん)
  お名前 紹介(しょうかい)
  お仕事
主人(しゅじん)
  お食事 相談(そうだん)
  お料理 ご家族
  (きゃく) 両親(りょうしん)
  お電話 就職(しゅうしょく)
  おタバコ ご兄弟
  おふろ 専攻(せんこう)
  誕生日(たんじょうび) ご予約
  おトイレ (uncommon)  
  おビール (uncommon)  
         
  -Adj.   おいそがしい  
  おやさしい  
         
  -Adj.   おひま ごていねい 
  お元気 ごりっぱ
  おしずか 親切(しんせつ)

Some words are used normally in the honorific form and lost their special status as being honorific (e.g., おかね, おちゃ, ごはん, おゆ, おなか, おかし, etc.). Some nouns have special forms (e.g., 家⇒おたく, だれ⇒どなた・どちらさま, どこ⇒どちら, どう⇒いかが, etc.). Honorific nouns and adjectives are established only by the norm. Do not try to create new honorific nouns and adjectives you have never heard before.

 

Some N+する verbs can be made into the honorific advice form + N + 下さい. (Caution: Usually, the +N+下さい combination does not work as an honorific advice. For example, お勉強下さい sounds strange. Exception: お電話下さい may be used as honorific advice.)
  Honorific Noun Forms   Honorific Advice Forms    
  紹介(しょうかい) ⇒ ご紹介honorific   紹介(しょうかい)する ⇒ ご紹介下さい   to introduce
  注意(ちゅうい) ⇒ご注意honorific   注意(ちゅうい)する ⇒ ご注意下さいhonorific   Please watch out.
  遠慮(えんりょ) ⇒ご遠慮honorific   遠慮(えんりょ)する ⇒ ご遠慮下さいhonorific   Please refrain [from it].
  • ドアがしまります。ご注意(ちゅうい)下さい。 The doors will close. Please be careful.

  • おたばこは、ごえんりょ下さい Please refrain from smoking.

Some words have special honorific forms.

 家 ⇒ おたくhonorific   だれ ⇒ どなたhonorific/どちらhonorific
 どこ ⇒ どちらhonorific   どう ⇒ いかがhonorific
 みんな ⇒ みなさまhonorific   人 ⇒ かたhonorific
 ~さん ⇒ ~さまhonorific   ~人 ⇒ ~(めい)さまhonorific (for counting people)

4
 ~てくれてありがとう 

 

When you wish to thank someone for doing something for you, you must use the -form of the giving verb くれる (give me) as in the V+くれてありがとう form. This form can be made more polite if you change くれて to 下さって and add ございました.
  • わかってくれてありがとう。
    Thank you for understanding me. (Said to your friend)

  • ばんごはんをおごって下さってhonorific、どうもありがとうございました。
    Thank you very much for treating me to dinner.
    (Said to someone who is not so close or is socially ranking higher than you)

  • すいせんじょうを書いて下さってhonorific、ありがとうございました。
    Thank you for writing me a letter of recommendation.

Note:

  1. Without the give-me verb (くれる or 下さる), the wording is insufficient as an expression of gratitude. That is, ノートをかしてありがとう is unacceptable as an expression of gratitude.

  2. Do not use redundant honorific forms for a single action (e.g., お書きになってhonorific下さってhonorific is redundant. Change it to 書いて下さってhonorific). Note: Honorific-V + くれて (e.g., お書きになってくれて) is ungrammatical.

As a special way for thanking someone for being so and so, use ~でいる as in ~でいてくれて、ありがとう.

  • いつもいっしょにいてくれて、ありがとう。
    Thank you for always staying with me. (Said to your friend)

  • いつも元気でいてくれて、ありがとう。
    Thank you for being healthy/cheerful (for me). (Said to your friend)

 

5
 ~てよかったです 

 

To say I'm glad that something happened, we use a V+よかった (I'm glad that something happened). To say I'm glad that something did not happen, use the negative form, Vなくて+よかった.

  • 元気になってよかったですね。 I'm glad you got well.

  • 今日は雨がふらなくて、よかったです。 I'm glad it did not rain today.

  • きょうかしょを読んでおいてよかった。 I'm glad I have read the textbook.

The -forms of -adjectives and -adjective/noun sentences can also be used:

  • 今日は天気がよくて、よかったですね。 I'm glad it is a sunny day today.

  • 今日はおやすみで、よかったですね。 I'm glad it's a day off/holiday today.

Other expressions, both positive and negative, can follow the ~て form:

  • ともだちが来てくれて、うれしかったです。 (~て + positive evaluation)
    I was happy to have my friend come over.

  • ペットがしんで、かなしかったです。 (~て + negative evaluation)
    I was sad because my pet had died.

  • かんじがむずかしくて、こまっています。 (~て + problem statement)
    Kanji is difficult, so I'm in trouble.

  • おそくなって、ごめんね。(~て + apology)
    I'm sorry I'm late.

Compare the non-conditional Vてよかった with the conditional (if) statements we learned so far.

  • いい天気になって よかったですね。 I'm glad the we have a nice weather now.

  • いい天気になれば よかったですね。 It would have been nice if we had a nice weather.

  • いい天気になれば いいですね。 I hope we will have a nice weather.

  • いい天気になると いいですね。 I hope we will have a nice weather.

  • 朝ねぼうしなくて よかったですね。 I'm glad you did not oversleep.

  • 朝ねぼうしなければ よかったですね。 It would have been nice if you didn't oversleep.

  • 朝ねぼうしなければ いいですね。 I hope [someone] will not oversleep.

  • 朝ねぼうしないと いいですね。 I hope [someone] will not oversleep.

 

6
 ~はずです 

 

The sentence ending ~はずです can express a strong belief that something "is supposed or expected" to be true. It is used when you believe something is likely due to the circumstance or due to some commonsense expectations.

 

The plain-form sentences are required before はず (except for non-past, affirmative nouns and -adjectives marked in red flag below). Note that the negation is usually placed before はず (e.g., ~ないはずです). [FYI: As a stronger form of denial, ~するはずない (...is not supposed to ... whatsoever) is possible.]

Plain-form S はずです  
  • 北海道の冬は寒い
  • おきなわの冬は寒くない
  • 北海道の冬は寒かった
  • おきなわの冬は寒くなかった
curly bracket はずです。  Winter in Hokkaido is supposed to be cold.
 Winter in Okinawa is not supposed to be cold.
 Winter in Hokkaido is supposed to have been cold.
 Winter in Okinawa is not supposed to have been cold.
  • 学校は8時にあく
  • 学校は8時まであかない
  • 学校は8時にあいた
  • 学校は8時まであかなかった
curly bracket はずです。  Schools are supposed to open at 8.
 Schools are not supposed open until 8.
 Schools are supposed to have opened at 8.
 Schools are not supposed to have opened until 8.
  • 田中さんは病気flag
  • 田中さんは病気じゃない
  • 田中さんは病気だった
  • 田中さんは病気じゃなかった
curly bracket はずです。  Tanaka is supposed to be sick.
 Tanaka is not supposed to be sick.
 Tanaka is supposed to have been sick.
 Tanaka is not supposed to have been sick.
  • 図書館はしずかflag
  • りょうはしずかじゃない
  • 図書館はしずかだった
  • りょうはしずかじゃなかった
curly bracket はずです。  The library is supposed to be quiet.
 The dorm is not supposed to be quiet.
 The library is supposed to be have been quiet.
 The dorm is not supposed to have been quiet.

Since はず is used to expect that something is true, it is not usually used with the uncertainty expression でしょう.

  • 東京まで13時間かかるから、スミスさんはまだ日本に()いていないはずです。
  • ? 東京まで13時間かかるから、スミスさんはまだ日本に着いていないはずでしょう

The English expression be supposed to... can express rules and obligations (Something must (not)/should (not) happen). In contrast, はずです cannot express these rules and obligations:

  • ungrammatical 日本では家の中でくつをぬぐはずです[Unacceptable as the intended sense below]
       You are supposed to take off your shoes inside houses in Japan.
    right Change this to ぬがなくてはいけません.

  • ungrammatical クラスでたばこをすわないはずです[Unacceptable as the intended sense below]
       You are not supposed to smoke in class.
    right Change this to すってはいけません.

Additional examples:

  • 田中さんはきのうそのミーティングに出たはずです。
    Mr. Tanaka is supposed to have attended the meeting yesterday [so he probably attended it].

  • 田中さんはきのうそのミーティングに出るはずでした。
    Mr. Tanaka was supposed to attend the meeting yesterday [but he didn't attend it].
 
 
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