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  1. Honorific Prefix
  2. Listing Things with
  3. -Adjectives すき…
  4. Xは~、Yは~: Contrast
  5. どんな N
  6. Echo Questions
  7. Particle
  8. Question Word だれ
  9. Xのなかで、~が・をいちばん…
  10. Plain Verb + : V-ing/To V
  11. X Yと どちらのほうが…
  12. Xより Yがすき/X Yも…
grammar Grammar Notes 7 pdf
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1
 Honorific Prefix  

 

Both おすし and おさしみ have a polite prefix . Putting in front of a noun makes the speech soft and polite. Other examples: おさかな (fish) and おみず ([cold] water).

 

 

 

2
 Listing Things with vs.  

 

The particles and are used to combine two or more nouns (e.g., おすしと おさしみ and おすしや おさしみ). These particles combine only nouns. They cannot be used to combine verbs and adjectives.

 

The particle works as an "exclusive AND." X Y means X and Y (and nothing else). In contrast, the particle works as an "inclusive AND." X Y means X and Y (and others). When you are ordering food at a restaurant, you need to use as in XYをください. If you say XYをください, you don't sound like you have completed your order, so you will probably be asked ほかには? Anything else?

tennis basketball が すきです。
I like tennis and basketball (and nothing else).

 

tennis basketball が すきです。
I like tennis and basketball (among others).

 

 

3
 -Adjectives すき & きらい  

 

Both すき and きらい are -adjectives. すき means someone likes (something). きらい means someone dislikes (something). The negative forms of すきです and きらいです are すきじゃありません and きらいじゃありません, respectively. The object of likes and dislikes is marked by the particle .

Xが すきです   I like X.
Yが きらいです。   I dislike Y.

The direct object of negative predicate is commonly marked by the particle.

Xは すきじゃありません   I don't like X.
Yは きらいじゃありません。   I don't dislike Y.

We will learn more about -adjectives later.

 

 

4
 Xは~、Yは~: Contrastive  

 

Earlier, we learned that the particle (/wa/) refers to the topic of a sentence. We also learned that the particle is often used in answering negatively to a Yes-No question. The particle has a another function of marking contrasts. For example, in the following sentences contrasting elements (e.g., something you like vs. something you dislike) are marked by . The particle replaces the particles and (and ), but it is added to other particles. (Caution: in the middle column is a connective ( = but), not the subject marker . けど is an informal form of the connective .) FYI: Note

replaces .
  てんぷらが すきです。 + さしみが きらいです。  
  てんぷら すきです けど/が、 さしみ きらいです。  
  たなかさんが きます。 + スミスさんは きません。  
  たなかさん きます けど/が、 スミスさん きません。  
replaces .
  こうちゃを のみます。 + コーヒーを のみません。  
  こうちゃ のみます けど/が、 コーヒー のみません。  
is added to .
  日本に あります。 + アメリカに ありません。  
  日本に あります けど/が、 アメリカに ありません。  
is added to .
  うちで たべます。 + がっこうで たべません。  
  うちで たべます けど/が、 がっこうで たべません。  

In Type 1 expressions below, when B replies negatively (B1/B2), replaces が (がarrowは). Here, B1/B2 implies a contrast (the second function of the particle ). B1 says The bathroom is not there (but something else may be there). (In Japan, typically, bathrooms and toilets are separate. バスルーム is where you bathe and トイレ is a room with the toilet facilities without any bathing facilities.) B2 says Ms. Smith is not in her apartment (but someone else may be there). Optionally, can be used in affirmative sentences as in トイレは あります (Toilet (in contrast) is there) or たなかさんは います (Ms. Tanaka (in contrast) is there) when contrast is clearly intended.

Type
1
Location Subjectが/は あります
います
 
A1: へや バスルーム ありますか。 Is there a bathroom in the room?
B1:   バスルーム ありません。 There isn't.
  あります。 A toilet (in contrast) is there.
A2: アパート スミスさん いますか。 Is Ms. Smith in her apartment?
B2:   スミスさん いません。 Ms. Smith is not there.
  たなかさん います。 Ms. Tanaka (in contrast) is there.

In Type 2 expressions below, when B replies negatively (B3/B4), is added to に (にarrowには). Here, B3/B4 implies a contrast (the second function of the particle ). B3 says cafeteria is not on the first floor (but it may be on some other floor). B4 says Ms. Smith is not in her apartment (but she may be at somewhere else). Optionally, the contrastive particle can be added in affirmative sentences as in 2かいには あります (It's on the second floor (in contrast)) or がっこうには います (Ms. Smith may be at school (in contrast)) when contrast is clearly intended.

Type
2
Topic Locationに/には
あります
います
 
A3: カフェテリア 1かい ありますか。 Is there cafeteria on the first floor?
B3:   1かいには ありません。 It's not there.
  2かいに(は) あります。 It is on the second floor.
A4: スミスさん アパート いますか。 Is Ms. Smith in her apartment?
B4:   アパートには いません。 She is not in her apartment.
  がっこうに(は) います。 She is at school.

If the scrambling rule is applied, similar expressions as shown below can be obtained.

  • このきんじょに/ぎんこうが/あります。  A bank is in this vicinity.
  • ぎんこうが/このきんじょに/あります。  A bank is in this vicinity.
  • このきんじょに/ぎんこうは/ありません。  A bank is not in this vicinity.
  • ぎんこうは/このきんじょに/ありません。  A bank is not in this vicinity.
  • にわに/ひろこさんが/います。   Hiroko is in the yard.
  • ひろこさんが/にわに/います。  Hiroko is in the yard.
  • ひろこさんは/にわには/いません。  Hiroko is not in the yard.
  • にわには/ひろこさんは/いません。  Hiroko is not in the yard.
  • etc.

 

5
 どんな N 

 

どんな is a question word that means What kind of. どんな おんがく means What kind of music. どんな りょうり means What kind of food.

  QW N      
  どんな おんがく   what kind of music?  
  どんな りょうり   what kind of food  

 

 

6
 Echo Questions  

 

In Dialogue 2, Kawasaki's reaction おんがくですか is called an "echo question." An echo question essentially repeats the question in the Xですか form (You mean X? Is that what you are asking about?). In conversation, echo questions are often used as a speech filler to buy time before answering the question. It is also possible to use わたしですか (You mean "me"? or You are asking me?) as an echo question.

A: かわさきさんは おんがくが すきですか。   Do you like music?
B: Converts toおんがく ですか。   (You mean) "music"?
Converts toわたし ですか。   (You mean) "me"?

A: かわさきさんは、あした がっこうに いきますか。   Do you you go to school
tomorrow, Mr. Kawasaki?
B: Converts toがっこう ですか。   (You mean) "school"?
Converts toあした ですか。   (You mean) "tomorrow"?
Converts toわたし ですか。   (You mean) "me"?

 

 

7
 Particle  

 

The particle adds a sense that something marked by is also associated with the predicate (e.g., I, too, listen to jazz). It replaces the particles が, を and (e.g., X Converts to X). However, it is added to other particles like , and . Study how the particles and work below.

and replace and .   and are added to other particles.
てんぷらが すきです。      どようびに

いきます。

さしみ すきです。 replaces    にちようびに いきます。
にくは きらいです。 replaces    げつようびには いきません。
   
たなかさんが きます。      にほんで します。
スミスさん きます。 replaces    ちゅうごくで します。

やまださんは

きません。

replaces    アメリカでは しません。
   

こうちゃを

のみます。      12じから あります。
コーヒー のみます。 replaces    1じから あります。
ワインは のみません。 replaces    2じからは ありません。

When there is no other particle (e.g., relative time expression), (or ) is just added.

きょう いきます。 + あした いきます。
Converts to きょう いきます。あした いきます。
Converts to きょう あした いきます。
きょう します。 + あしたは しません。
Converts to きょう しますが、あした しません。

Usage examples follow. If one answers negatively (いいえ) to Xも、Y~ (Both X and Y...) questions, it often takes the contrastive Xは~けど、Yは~ pattern as shown below.

A: どこで よく宿(しゅく)(だい)を しますか。

B: 家でも、としょかんでも します。

 

A: どの先生に ()いますか。

B: 田中先生にも、よしだ先生にも 会います。

 

A: 日本()のクラスは()(よう)()にも (すい)(よう)()にも ありますか。

B: いいえ、火曜日には ありますけど、水曜日には ありません。

 

 

8
 Question Word だれ  

 

In Japanese, when you ask a question using だれが (who), it can be a little tricky because the meaning changes depending on how you structure the sentence. Let’s break it down:

  1. だれが すきですか: This sentence is asking who is liked. However, in Japanese, this actually translates to "Who do you like?" in English. Here, だれ (who) is the subject of the sentence, and すき functions like the English verb "like." So, you’re asking "Who is the person you like?"

  2. だれが 田中さんが すきですか: This sentence is a bit different. Now you are asking, "Who likes Ms. Tanaka?" Here, the first だれ (who) is still the subject, but now you have added 田中さん (Ms. Tanaka) as the object of liking. The sentence translates to "Who likes Ms. Tanaka?"

 

 

9
 Xのなかで、~が・を いちばん~  

 

いちばん (most/best) can be used to express the highest degree of one's liking. To ask questions What/Who do you like the best among X?, the following pattern is used.

List or
Category
QW いちばん すきです    
ジャズの
(なか)
だれが いちばん すきですか。   Who do you like the most in jazz?
  まついけいこが いちばん すきです。   I like Keiko Matsui the most.

いちばん + adjective creates the superlative expressions as in いちばんいい the best, いちばんかんたん the easiest, etc. To talk about the frequency of activities, use よく (= form of いい) as in いちばんよくする (do something the most or most often).

List or
Category
QW いちばん Adj
よく + Verb
   
スポーツの
(なか)
なにが いちばん おもしろいですか。   Among sports, which is the most interesting?
  テニスが いちばん おもしろいです。   Tennis is the most interesting.

メール
でんわ
ラインの
(なか)
どれを いちばん よくつかいますか。   Among email, phone and Line,
which do you use the most often?
  ラインを いちばん よくつかいます。   I use Line the most often.

The last question above gives a list of things to choose from. The particle is normally used to make the list.

 

 

 

10
 Plain Verb + : V-ing/To V  

 

All verbs introduced so far have the ~ます ending (e.g., たべます, のみます, いきます, etc.). This form of verbs is called the polite form. When we talk about our likes and dislikes about some activities, we need to make noun phrases from the plain non-past forms of verbs as shown below. きく is the plain form of the polite form ききます.

  Plain V        
私は ジャズ を きく すきです。   I like listening to jazz.

The plain non-past, affirmative form is also called a "dictionary" or "citation" form. In order to conjugate verbs correctly, we need to distinguish three different types of verbs as shown below.

    Polite Forms Plain Forms    
  -verbs  かきます
 いきます
 かく
 いく
write
go
 
 いそぎます
 およぎます
 いそぐ
 およぐ
hurry
swim
 
 はなします
 だします
 はなす
 だす
speak
take out, submit
 
 つくります
 とります
 あります
 つくる
 とる
 ある
make
take
there is [inanimate]
 
 つかいます
 いいます
 つかう
 いう
use
say
 
 まちます
 もちます
 まつ
 もつ
wait
hold, have
 
 のみます
 よびます
 しにます
 のむ
 よぶ
 しぬ
drink
call
die
 

  -verbs  います
 みます
 たべます
 いる
 みる
 たべる
is located [animate]
see
eat
 

  irregular
verbs
 きます
 します
 くる
 する
come
do
 

The noun phrase /Plain V + / can be used to talk about one's preferences for activities. For example,

A: スミスさんは 何を するのが すきですか。   What do you like doing?
B: 私は 本を よむのが すきです。
田中さんは どうですか。
  I like reading books.
How about you?
A: ぼくは テレビを みるのが すきですよ。   I like watching TV.
You can compare the preferences between two activities in the following way:

コンサートに いくのは おもしろいですが、カラオケで うたうのは おもしろくありません。
It's interesting/fun to go to a concert, but it's not interesting/fun to sing at Karaoke.

 

How to obtain the plain forms

 

1. -Verbs

 

The following shows how to obtain the plain forms of-verbs. The verb stem is defined as a ます form (e.g., かきます) without ます (e.g., かき).

If the stem
ends with
  change
it to...
  Examples    
…き    

ますConverts to

write Grammar Animation
…ぎ     およますConverts to およ
swim
…し     はなますConverts to はなす  speak
…り     つくますConverts to つく make Grammar Animation
…い     ますConverts to buy
…ち     ますConverts to wait
…み     ますConverts to drink Grammar Animation
…び     ますConverts to call/summon
…に     ますConverts to die

Here is another way of looking at the same changes. The polite -verbs use the -endings (the second row) of the hiragana chart (e.g., ます, ます, はなます, etc.). The plain-verbs use the う-endings (the third row). This is shown in the following video.

 

 

2. -Verbs

 

The plain form of -verbs is obtained by simply changing ます to .

Polite    Plain      
 おきます Converts to おき   wake up  
 みます Converts to   see/look/watch  
 たべます Converts to たべ   eat  
 います Converts to   be/stay  
 ねます Converts to   go to bed/lie down  

3. Irregular Verbs

There are only two irregular verbs: します and きます.

 

Polite Plain      
 します Converts to する   do  
 きます Converts to くる   come  

 

Alternate Method 2 (FYI)

 

If you know the root of each verb, the plain form can be obtained by simply adding /u/ to the -verb root and by adding /ru/ to the -verb root. (flag The combinations /w + u/ is pronounced as /u/ or and /t + u/ is pronounced as /tsu/ or .)

  To the
root of
  add   Examples  
  う-verbs   /u/   hanas + uConverts to hanasu or はなす
kak + uConverts to kaku or かく
kaw + uConverts to kawu or かうflag
mat + uConverts to matu or まつflag
tsukur + uConverts to tsukuru or つくる
yom + uConverts to yomu or よむ
yob + uConverts to yobu or よぶ
shin + uConverts to shinu or しぬ
oyog + uConverts to oyogu or およぐ
Grammar Animation

  る-verbs   /ru/   tabe + ru Converts to taberu or たべる
mi + ru Converts to miru or みる
Grammar Animation
11
 XYと どちらのほうが すきですか  

 

The following pattern is used to ask preferences between two choices. The question word どちら (which one [of the two]) is used instead of どれ (which one [of three or more]). のほう is optional. (ほう means side). Particle must be used to list the choices. (Note that there is no "comparative" form of adjectives in Japanese.

X

Y

どちら(のほう)
which (side)

 
ジャズと クラシックと どちら(のほう) すきですか。 Which do you like better
--- jazz or classical music? 

This comparison structure can be used to talk about other things besides one's likes and dislikes as shown below. In this case, the particle may change to other particles (を, に, で, etc.) depending on the verbs and adjectives that follow it. If the question is about the frequency/quantity of something, the adjective よく may be used to clarify the question.

X

Y

どちら(のほう)
which (side)
 
ジャズと ロックと どちらが おもしろいですか。 Which is more fun
---jazz or rock music?
ジャズと ロックと どちらを よく ききますか。 Which do you listen to more
often
--- jazz or rock music?
としょかんと うちと どちらで よく べんきょう
しますか。
Which place do you study more often at
--- the library or home?

 

 

12
 Xより Y(のほう)がすきです/XYも すきです  

 

To answer the questions using どちら above, we use the following structure. The phrase Xより means than X. The phrase のほう in Yのほう is optional for nouns.

Xより Y(のほう)が
 
ジャズより クラシック(のほう)が すきです。  I like classical music more than jazz.
than jazz (the side of) classical music    

If you don't have any preferences between the two choices, you can answer as follows:

X

Y

 
ジャズも クラシックも すきです。 I like classical music as well as jazz.
みるのも するのも すきです。 I like watching it as well as doing it.

For other questions asking for the comparison of frequency or quantity of something, you can answer them in the following manner.

Xより Y(のほう)+P  
ジャズより クラシックが おもしろいです。 Classical music is more fun than jazz.
ジャズより クラシックを よくききます。 I listen to classical music more often than jazz.
としょかんより

うちで

よくします。 I do it more often at home than at the library.
The /Xより Y/ pattern can be used to compare activities by using the plain form verbs like this: ゴルフをみるより ゴルフをするほうが おもしろいです ("It's more fun to play golf than to watch golf").