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Grammar Notes 7 | ![]() |
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Both おすし and おさしみ have a polite prefix お. Putting お in front of a noun makes the speech soft and polite. Other examples: おさかな (fish) and おみず ([cold] water).
The particles と and や are used to combine two or more nouns (e.g., おすしと おさしみ and おすしや おさしみ). These particles combine only nouns. They cannot be used to combine verbs and adjectives.
The particle と works as an "exclusive AND." X と Y means X and Y (and nothing else). In contrast, the particle や works as an "inclusive AND." X や Y means X and Y (and others). When you are ordering food at a restaurant, you need to use と as in XとYをください. If you say XやYをください, you don't sound like you have completed your order, so you will probably be asked ほかには? Anything else?
Both すき and きらい are な-adjectives. すき means someone likes (something). きらい means someone dislikes (something). The negative forms of すきです and きらいです are すきじゃありません and きらいじゃありません, respectively. The object of likes and dislikes is marked by the particle が.
The direct object of negative predicate is commonly marked by the particle は.
We will learn more about な-adjectives later.
Earlier, we learned that the particle は (/wa/) refers to the topic of a sentence. We also learned that the particle は is often used in answering negatively to a Yes-No question. The particle は has a another function of marking contrasts. For example, in the following sentences contrasting elements (e.g., something you like vs. something you dislike) are marked by は. The particle は replaces the particles が and を (and も), but it is added to other particles. (Caution: が in the middle column is a connective (が = but), not the subject marker が. けど is an informal form of the connective が.) FYI:
In Type 1 expressions below, when B replies negatively (B1/B2), は replaces が (が
In Type 2 expressions below, when B replies negatively (B3/B4), は is added to に (に
If the scrambling rule is applied, similar expressions as shown below can be obtained.
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どんな is a question word that means What kind of. どんな おんがく means What kind of music. どんな りょうり means What kind of food.
In Dialogue 2, Kawasaki's reaction おんがくですか is called an "echo question." An echo question essentially repeats the question in the Xですか form (You mean X? Is that what you are asking about?). In conversation, echo questions are often used as a speech filler to buy time before answering the question. It is also possible to use わたしですか (You mean "me"? or You are asking me?) as an echo question.
The particle も adds a sense that something marked by も is also associated with the predicate (e.g., I, too, listen to
jazz). It replaces the particles が, を and は (e.g., Xが
When there is no other particle (e.g., relative time expression), も (or は) is just added.
Usage examples follow. If one answers negatively (いいえ) to Xも、Yも~ (Both X and Y...) questions, it often takes the contrastive Xは~けど、Yは~ pattern as shown below.
In Japanese, when you ask a question using だれが (who), it can be a little tricky because the meaning changes depending on how you structure the sentence. Let’s break it down:
いちばん (most/best) can be used to express the highest degree of one's liking. To ask questions What/Who do you like the best among X?, the following pattern is used.
いちばん + adjective creates the superlative expressions as in いちばんいい the best, いちばんかんたん the easiest, etc. To talk about the frequency of activities, use よく (=く form of いい) as in いちばんよくする (do something the most or most often).
The last question above gives a list of things to choose from. The particle と is normally used to make the list.
All verbs introduced so far have the ~ます ending (e.g., たべます, のみます, いきます, etc.). This form of verbs is called the polite form. When we talk about our likes and dislikes about some activities, we need to make noun phrases from the plain non-past forms of verbs as shown below. きく is the plain form of the polite form ききます.
The plain non-past, affirmative form is also called a "dictionary" or "citation" form. In order to conjugate verbs correctly, we need to distinguish three different types of verbs as shown below.
The noun phrase /Plain V + の/ can be used to talk about one's preferences for activities. For example, You can compare the preferences between two activities in the following way:
How to obtain the plain forms
1. う-Verbs
The following shows how to obtain the plain forms of う-verbs. The verb stem is defined as a ます form (e.g., かきます) without ます (e.g., かき). Here is another way of looking at the same changes. The polite う-verbs use the い-endings (the second row) of the hiragana chart (e.g., いいます, かきます, はなします, etc.). The plain う-verbs use the う-endings (the third row). This is shown in the following video.
2. る-Verbs
The plain form of る-verbs is obtained by simply changing ます to る.
3. Irregular Verbs
Alternate Method 2 (FYI)
If you know the root of each verb, the plain form can be obtained by simply adding /u/ to the う-verb root and by adding /ru/ to the る-verb root. ( |
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The following pattern is used to ask preferences between two choices. The question word どちら (which one [of the two]) is used instead of どれ (which one [of three or more]). のほう is optional. (ほう means side). Particle と must be used to list the choices. (Note that there is no "comparative" form of adjectives in Japanese.
This comparison structure can be used to talk about other things besides one's likes and dislikes as shown below. In this case, the particle が may change to other particles (を, に, で, etc.) depending on the verbs and adjectives that follow it. If the question is about the frequency/quantity of something, the adjective よく may be used to clarify the question.
To answer the questions using どちら above, we use the following structure. The phrase Xより means than X. The phrase のほう in Yのほう is optional for nouns.
If you don't have any preferences between the two choices, you can answer as follows:
For other questions asking for the comparison of frequency or quantity of something, you can answer them in the following manner. The /Xより Y/ pattern can be used to compare activities by using the plain form verbs like this: ゴルフをみるより ゴルフをするほうが おもしろいです ("It's more fun to play golf than to watch golf"). |
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