In Japanese, when you make a polite request, you use the て-form of the verb followed by ください as shown below. This structure is very common and essential to know.
Vて form
ください
その
ボールペン
を
見せて
ください。
Please show me that ball-point pen.
The て-form of the verb is used to connect actions, make requests, or give instructions. ください is a polite request form of the verb, meaning "please give me." When combined with the て-form, it creates a polite request ("Please give me your V-ing" or "Please V"). The particle と cannot be used this way because it connects only nouns.
The following describes how to create the て-Forms of verbs.
う-Verbs
The て-form of verbs are formed from the dictionary forms (plain, affirmative, non-past forms) as follows. Note that the pronunciation of Vて forms of いきます and いいます are the same and exceptional: いって (go) and いって (say).
The two irregular verbs (きます and します) conjugate as follows:
きます ⇒ きて (come)
します ⇒ して (do)
The classroom request form Vてください introduced in Lesson 1 actually
consists of two verbs as shown below. ください is a polite imperative
form of the verb くださいます (give me). Vてください literally means Please give me your V-ing.
Verb1て
Verb2
まって
ください。
Please wait.
きいて
ください。
Please listen/ask.
みて
ください。
Please look at it.
いって
ください。
Please say it.
だして
ください。
Please turn it in.
Verbs can be combined with Vて forms as shown below:
1.
Sequential actions
6時に おきて あさごはんを 食べました。
I woke up at six, and had breakfast.
ハンバーガーを かって きます。
I will buy a hamburger and come back. (i.e., I will go and buy a hamburger.)
2.
Parallel actions of two separate agents
田中さんは
テレビを 見て、
スミスさんは ビデオゲームを しました。
Ms. Tanaka watched TV, and
Mr. Smith played video games.
3.
Manner/Means
あるいて 行きます。
I will walk, and go. (i.e., I will go by walking.)
コンピュータを つかって 書きました。
I used a computer, and wrote it. (i.e., I wrote it by using a computer.)
The verb stems do not carry independent tense. They are non-finite forms. The tense of the entire sentence is determined by the final (main) verb. In the last example above, 書きました is in the past, so the entire sentence is interpreted as referring to the past.
In this lesson, we introduce two related expressions: Nがございます and Nでございます. These are formal, business-style equivalents of Nがあります and Nです, respectively. They are commonly used in customer service, announcements, and other polite professional contexts.
Neutral form
Polite Business form
Nがあります
Nがございます
There is/are N. [inanimate]
Nです
Nでございます
It's N/I'm N/They are N, etc.
Both Nがあります and Nがございます require that N refer to an inanimate object. In contrast, Nです and Nでございます can be used with both animate and inanimate nouns.
いらっしゃいます below is the honorific form of います and is used to show respect toward the subject. In contrast, でございます is not an honorific form. It is a highly polite copular expression, so it can be used for in-group members, including the speaker, without raising their status.
Neutral form
Polite Business form
時間が あります
田中さんが います
時間が ございます
田中さんが いらっしゃいます
There is time. [inanimate]
Mr. Tanaka is there. [animate]
田中さんです
田中です
時間です
田中さんでございます
田中でございます
時間でございます
He is Mr. Tanaka.
I am Tanaka.
It's time.
Can you explain why the following expressions are unacceptable? How do you correct
the errors? Click on the "Answer" button to confirm your answer.
✱かさが いらっしゃいます。There are umbrellas.
Nounが いらっしゃいます requires an animate noun --- a person.
The correct form is:かさが ございます。
✱田中さんが ございます。Mr. Tanaka is (here/there).
Nounが ございます requires an inanimate noun.
The correct form is: 田中さんが いらっしゃいます。
Both of the following mean The
stationery department is on the 7th floor. What are the regular
forms of these sentences?
The following are common expressions used in a shopping situation. Note that
the quantity expression (how many or how much you would like to
buy) is placed after the object (X) you buy.
X を
Quantity
Verb
その とけいを
ください。
Please give me that watch.
その あかいペンを
5本
ください。 or おねがいします。
Please give me those five red pens.
トマトを
三こ
ください。
Please give me three tomatoes .
Note the similar structures for saying There are... or I have... below.
X が
Quantity
Verb
あおいノートが
2さつ
あります。
There are two blue notebooks.
You can combine things you buy in one statement by using the particle と as shown below.
X を
Quantity
と
Y を
Quantity
Verb
その あかい ペンを
5本
と
あおい ノートを
2さつ
かいました。
+
bought
I bought those five red pens andtwo blue notebooks.
More examples:
Xを/が
Quantity
Verb
じしょ が
4さつ
あります。
ほん を
3さつ
よみました。
ねこ が
5ひき
います。
メロン を
2こ
いれて ください。 (Put in two melons.)
カプセル を
一つ
のんで ください。 (Take a capsule.)
ペンを
何本
もっていますか。 (How many pens do you have?)
オレンジ を
何なんこ
たべましたか。
けしゴム が
いくつ
ありますか。
This can be: 何本 ペンを もっていますか。 This can be: 何こ オレンジを たべましたか。 This can be: いくつ けしゴムが ありますか。
Location expressions can be combined with quantity expressions.
Xはわ
Locationに/で
Verb
レストランはわ
7かいに
あります。
かぐうりばはわ
何かいに
ありますか。
ぶんぼうぐはわ
何かいで
うっていますか。
This means "Where are they selling stationary?" For this Vています usage, see Lesson 11: Grammar Notes.
When the objects being referred to are understood, you can safely drop
the direct object without confusion.
五本
ください。
Please give me five (of those long things).
四さつ
かいました。
I bought four (books, magazines, etc.).
250こ
つくりました。
I made 250 (small, solid things).
300まい
あります。
I have 300 (sheets of paper, etc.).
三つ
です。
He/She is three (years old). or They are three [things].