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  1. Polite Past Verb Sentences
  2. Interjections
  3. XからYまで: From X to Y
  4. Polite Past N/Adj Sentences
  5. Frequency Counters
  6. Duration Counters
  7. X: By Means of X
  8. Conversation Openers
  9. Polite Past -Adj Sentences
  10. Plain Negative V Sentences
  11. Plain Adj. & Noun Sentences
  12. Informal Conversation
  13. Stating Reasons with から
  14. んです: Explanation Mode
grammar Grammar Notes 8 pdf
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1
 Polite Past Verb Sentences  

 

Polite past verbs can be obtained by changing the non-past affirmative ます ending to ました and the negative ません ending to ませんでした.

  Non-Past   Past  
田中さんは8() おきます おきました  Tanaka woke up at 8 o'clock.
田中さんはテレビを ()ます ()ました  Tanaka watched TV.
田中さんは学校(がっこう) ()きません ()きませんでした  Tanaka did not go to school.
田中さんは電話(でんわ) (はな)しません (はな)しませんでした  Tanaka didn't talk on the phone.

 

 

2
 Interjections  
  • ええと is a hesitation noise used when one is trying to think (i.e., Well... or Uhh...).

  • あれ? signals surprise (i.e., Oh? or What?), not a demonstrative pronoun "that." This interjection is self-directed. It can be used when the speaker is alone.

  • あのう is a hesitation noise Umm... This interjection is other-directed. This requires the presence of others.

 

 

3
 XからYまで: From X to Y  

 

Earlier, we learned から (from) and まで (to/till) can be used to referred to the beginning and ending of activities. These particles can also express starting and ending points of movement.

 ごご11じから ごぜん7じまで ねました。   I slept from 11 pm till 7 am.
 アトランタから ニューヨークまで いきました。   I went from Atlanta to New York.

4
 Polite Past Noun & -Adjective Sentences  

 

The polite past noun and -adjective sentences can be obtained by changing the です ending to でした for the affirmative form and adding でした to the negative form.

  Non-Past   Past    
  先生(せんせい)です 先生でした   He/She was a teacher.
  しずかです しずかでした   It was quiet.
  先生じゃありません 先生じゃありませんでした   He/She wasn't a teacher.
  しずかじゃありません しずかじゃありませんでした   It wasn't quiet.
There are alternate negative past forms. In this case, the tense marker changes to かった as shown below. (FYI: This is similar to the past-tense formation of -adjective sentences explained below.)
      Neg Tense Polite    
  Non-Past 先生じゃ です。   He/She is not a teacher.
しずかじゃ です。   It is not quiet.
             
  Past 先生じゃ かった です。   He/She was not a teacher.
しずかじゃ かった です。   It was not quiet.

 

 

5
 Frequency Counters  
 

Frequency expressions we learned before (いつも, たいてい, ときどき, あまり, ぜんぜん, etc.) are used to approximate frequency. To state the number of times something occurs, we use the following pattern using the frequency counter (かい or ). Particle is required after the time frame. No particle is needed after the frequency. The approximation suffix ぐらい (about) can be added after the frequency (e.g., 二かいぐらい).

  Time Frame Frequency      
  (いっ)(しゅう)(かん) 2かい かいものを します。   I shop twice a week.
  一日(いちにち) 3ど ごはんをたべます。   I eat three times a day.
Here is the table for these counters 1-10. The frequency expressions in red below are exceptions. かい counter is more commonly used to count frequencies beyond 3 times. ( is also used to count "degrees".) flag indicates exceptions in pronunciation.
1ど (いちど) 1かい (いっかい) flag   once
2ど (にど) 2かい (にかい)   twice
3ど (さんど) 3かい (さんかい)   three times
  4かい (よんかい)   four times
  5かい (ごかい)   five times
  6かい (ろっかい) flag   six times
  7かい (ななかい)   seven times
  8かい (はちかい or はっかいflag)   eight times
  9かい (きゅうかい)   nine times
  10かい (じゅっかい) flag   ten times
(なん)ど(ぐらい) (なん)かい(ぐらい)   How many times?
どのぐらいよく   How often?

 

 

6
 Duration Counters  

 

To state the length of time (duration) something occurs, we use the following pattern. the particle is required after the time frame, but no particle is needed after the duration. The approximation suffix ぐらい (about) can be added after the duration (e.g., 8時間ぐらい).

 

Time Frame Duration      
一日(いちにち) 8時間 ねます。   I sleep eight hours a day.
(いち)()(かん) 10分 やすみます。   I take a break for ten minutes an hour. 
一日(いちにち) どのぐらい
ねますか。   How long do you sleep a day?
何分(なんぷん)(ぐらい)
   

How many minutes?

  (なん)時間(じかん)(ぐらい)     How many hours?
  何日(なんにち)(ぐらい)     How many days?
  (なん)週間(しゅうかん)(ぐらい)     How many weeks?
  (なん)(げつ)(ぐらい)     How many months?
  何年(なんねん)(ぐらい)     How many years?

 

 

7
 X: By Means of X  

 

Particle (by/by means of ) expresses the means and tools to do something. Do not confuse this with the particle (at) that expresses the location of activities.

  Means
Tools
   
Bread 日本ごで パンといいます。 "Bread" is called "pan" in Japanese.
マイアミまで ひこうきで いきました。 I went to Miami by airplane.
そのニュースを インターネットで よみました。 I read the news on the Internet. 
けんちゃんは ビデオゲームで あそびました。 Ken played video games.
くうこうに でんしゃで いきました。 I went to the airport by train.
うちから ここまで あるいてflag きました。 I came here from home on foot.
flag あるいて is the -form of あるきます (to be explained in Lesson 10). あるいて must be combined with the verbs of coming and going (e.g., きます and いきます). is not needed with あるいて.
8
 Conversation Openers  

 

The sentence particle can serve as a conversation opener as shown below. A conversation open is often used to provide background information for an upcoming question or request.

ちょっと ききますけど
それはアボカドですか。
  Let me ask you something---Is it avocado?
あのう、すみません
いま なんじですか。
  Excuse me, but what time is it?
can also be used to introduce a new context within which S2 is to be understood.
あした、しけんがありますが、
勉強(べんきょう)しましたか。
  We'll have an exam tomorrow.
(In light of this) did you study?
(あたら)しいCD()いましたけど、
ききますか。
  I bought a new CD.
(In light of this) will you listen to it?
Email()きましたけど、
よみましたか。
  I wrote you email.
(In light of this) did you read it?
私はここの学生ですが、
それはいくらですか。
  I am a student here.
(In light of this) how much is it?

 

9
 Polite Past -Adjective Sentences  

 

-adjective sentences work differently from -adjective sentences. The past form of い-adjective sentences can be obtained by changing the tense marker to かった as shown below. The adjective いい is a special case: いいです changes to よかったです.

  Non-Past   Past  
Audio おもしろです
おもしろかったです It was interesting.
Grammar Animation
たかです たかかったです It was expensive.
です かったです It was good.

The past negative forms have two alternate forms as shown below.

  Non-Past   Past  
Audio おもしろくなです
おもしろくありません
おもしろくなかったです
おもしろくありませんでした
It was not interesting. Grammar Animation
たかくなです
たかくありません
たかくなかったです
たかくありませんでした
It was not expensive.
よくなです
よくありません
くなかったです
くありませんでした
It was not good.
Usage examples follow. Note that ええ、そうでした/いいえ、そうじゃありませんでした are NOT acceptable in answering -adjective sentence questions.
 A: それはたかかったですか。  Was it expensive?  
 B: いいえ、たかくなかったです。 No, it was not expensive.
 A: よかったですね。 That's great! (Lit. That was good.)

Additional examples:

 A: テストは やさしかったですか。 Was the test easy?  difficult
 B: いいえ、むずかしかったです。 No, it was difficult.
  スコアも よくなかったです。 The score was not good, either.

Note: The change from です to でした is grammatical ONLY for noun and な-adjective sentences. The same change is ungrammatical for い-adjective sentences.

Warning  Noun   かようびでした   It was Tuesday. [OK]
-Adj.   きれいでした   It was pretty. [OK]
-Adj.   ungrammaticalおもしろいでした   [Ungrammatical]
おもしろかったです
is the correct past form.

 

10
 Plain Negative Verb Sentences  

 

Grammar Note 1 How to obtain plain negative verbs (Method 1)

 

1. -Verbs

 

The plain, non-past negative -verbs can be obtained by using the same verb stem-based method we used in Lesson 7.

If stem
ends with
change
it to...
add
ない
Examples  
…き ない

ませんConverts toかない  not write

Grammar Animation
…ぎ ない およませんConverts to およがない  not swim
…し ない はなませんConverts to はなさない  not speak
…り ない つくませんConverts to つくらない  not make
ありませんConverts to ない
 there is not flag [Exception]
Grammar Animation
…い ない ませんConverts toわない  not buy
…ち ない ませんConverts toたない  not wait
…み ない ませんConverts toまない  not drink Grammar Animation
…び ない ませんConverts toばない  not call
…に ない ませんConverts toなない  not die

Here is another way of looking at the same changes. The polite -verbs use the -row sounds (the second row) of the hiragana chart (e.g., ません、およません、はなません、まません、しません、あそません、のません、はいません、かません). The plain negative -verbs can be obtained by changing the -row sounds to the -row sounds (the first row). For example, changing to as in ませんright arrowない. This is shown in the following video.

 

 

2. -Verbs

 

The plain form of る-verbs is obtained by simply changing ません to ない.

Polite Plain
 おきません Converts to おきない  not wake up
 みません Converts toない  not watch
 たべません Converts to たべない  not eat
 いません Converts toない  not be/not stay
 ねません Converts toない  not go to bed/not lie down 

3. Irregular Verbs

Polite Plain
 しません Converts toない  not do
 きません Converts toない  not come 

Note: Do not apply the past tense formation rule of adjectives to negative past verbs. The verb forms in the middle below are all ungrammatical.

  Negative verbs Ungrammatical Grammatical
Warning  いません  ungrammaticalいなかったです  いませんでした
 ありません  ungrammaticalなかったです  ありませんでした
 食べません  ungrammatical食べなかったです  食べませんでした

 

Grammar Note 2 How to obtain plain negative verbs (Method 2)

 

The alternate method of obtaining the negative forms from the verb-root share the same concept as above. The plain negative forms are obtained by adding the negative suffixes to the verb root: /anai/ (for う-verbs) or /nai/ (for る-verbs).

To the
root of
add   Examples  
 う-verbs /anai/   hanas + anai hanasanai or はなさない  (not speak)
kak + anai kakanai or かかない  (not write)
kaw + anai kawanai or かわない  (not buy)
mat + anai matanai or またない  (not wait)
tsukur + anai tsukuranai or つくらない  (not make)
yom + anai yomanai or よまない  (not read)
yob + anai yobanai or よばない  (not call)
shin + anai shinanai or しなない  (not die)
oyog + anai oyoganai or およがない  (not swim)
Grammar Animation
  ar + anai nai ない  (there is not) flag [Exception]  
To the
root of
add   Examples  
 る-verbs /nai/   tabe + nai tabenai or たべない  (not eat)
mi + nai minai or みない  (not see/not watch/not look)
Grammar Animation

 

 

11
 Plain Adjective & Noun Sentences  

 

To form the plain -adjective sentences, just delete です. For -adjectives and noun sentences, change です to . This can be deleted. For verb sentences, the plain form verbs can be directly used.

  Polite Rules   Plain
-Adj. たかいです。
たかくないです。
たかくありません。
Delete です or
Change ありません to ない.
たかい。
たかくない。
         
-Adj.
&
Noun
きれいです。
先生です。

Change です to .
( can be optionally deleted.)

きれい(だ)。
先生(だ)。
きれいじゃないです。
先生じゃないです。
きれいじゃありません。
先生じゃありません。
Delete です or
change ありません to ない.
きれいじゃない。
先生さんじゃない。 

 

 

12
 Informal Conversation with Plain Forms  

 

The plain forms of sentences are used in informal conversation among family members, friends and peers. For all the plain form questions, the ending and the question particle are deleted and a rising intonation is used instead. When transcribing questions, a question mark () may be used to indicate the rising intonation. Other sentence particles (e.g., and ) are kept in the plain forms.

    Statements   Questions
  -Adj. たかい。
たかくない。
  たかい?rising
たかくない?rising
         
  -Adj.
&
Noun
しずか(だ)。
しずかじゃない。
  しずか?rising
しずかじゃない?rising
  田中さん(だ)。
田中さんじゃない。
  田中さん?rising
田中さんじゃない?rising 
         
  Verb いく。
いかない。
ある。
ない。
  いく?rising
いかない?rising
ある?rising
ない?rising
The interjections はい/ええ and いいえ also change to the casual forms.
Polite   Plain
 はい/ええ   うんfalling (High-Low or HL)
 いいえ   ううんfallingrising (HLH)
or うううん risingfallingrising (LHLH)
If is dropped in non-past, plain noun/-adjective sentences, adding sentence particle or to such sentences makes them sound feminine. See the rule below.
  • Noun/-adjective + だよ/だね = neutral
  • Noun/-adjective + / = feminine
  • Verb/-adjective + / = neutral
A and B are acquaintances. A and B are friends.
A: きょう、がっこうに 行きますか。
B: いいえ、行きません。
A: ああ、そうですか。
じゃ、今、いそがしくないですね?
B: ええ。ひまですよ。
A: きょう、がっこうに 行く?
B: ううん、行かない。
A: ああ、そう。
じゃ、今、いそがしくないね?
B: うん。ひまよ。 [feminine]
うん。ひまだよ。
Warning Important Note on Using Plain Form Expressions

 

The politeness level of sentences are primarily determined by their ending forms. It’s crucial to understand when to use the plain form endings vs. polite form endings because using the wrong form can lead to misunderstandings or even offend someone.

  1. The polite form ending is commonly used in most situations, especially when you’re speaking to someone you don’t know well, someone older, or someone with higher social standing (like a teacher, boss, or client). For example:

    • エクセルを つかいますか (Do you use Excel?)

    Using the polite form shows respect and consideration, which is very important in Japanese culture.

  2. The plain form ending is more casual and is usually used when speaking with friends, family, or people of the same age or social standing. For example:

    • エクセルを つかう? (Do you use Excel?)

    While the plain form is more relaxed and casual, be careful! Using it with strangers, older people, or those of higher social status can come across as rude or disrespectful.

Why This Matters

In Japanese culture, social harmony and respect for others are highly valued. Using the appropriate form of speech helps maintain these values. If you start a conversation using plain form endings with someone you don’t know well, it can create an impression that you are being overly familiar or disrespectful, even if you don’t mean to be. This can lead to awkward situations or offense.

Practical Tip

When in doubt, always start with the polite form endings. As you get to know the person better, you can gradually shift to the plain form endings if it feels appropriate. But remember, it’s better to err on the side of politeness, especially in a new or formal situation.

 

 

13
 Stating Reasons with から  

 

The connective から (therefore/so) is used in the pattern /S1から, S2/ to state a reason or cause for something. S1 is the reason for S2. Both plain form and polite form can be used within the embedded sentence (S1から) as shown below.

    Reason/Cause + から (S1) Result/Effect (S2)
  -Adj. やさいがきらいだ (or きらいです) から、 やさいは食べません。
I don't like vegetable, so I don't eat vegetable.
       
  Noun きょうは 日曜日だ (or 日曜日です) から、 じゅぎょうは ありません。 
It's Sunday today, so I don't have a class.
       
  -Adj. おいしい (or おいしいです) から、 たくさん 食べます。
It is delicious, so I am going to eat a lot.
       
  Verb あした 行かない (or 行きません) から、 きょう 行きます。
I'm not going tomorrow, so I'm going today.

With connective から, if the plain form is used in S1 and the polite form is used in S2 (main sentence), the entire sentence is considered polite as shown above. However, it is awkward to reverse this --- using the polite form in S1 and the plain form in S2 as shown below.

  Reason/Cause + から、
(S1)
  Result/Effect
(S2)
  
  ungrammatical やさいがきらいですから、   やさいは食べない。 [awkward] 
  ungrammatical 日本は はじめてですから、   日本ごが わからない。 [awkward]
  ungrammatical おいしい(です)から、   たくさん 食べる。 [awkward]
  ungrammatical あした 行きませんから、   きょう 行く。 [awkward]
English speakers often make a mistake of thinking から works just like the English word "because." Be careful --- The Japanese から and the English "because" work exactly the OPPOSITE ways! Suppose you Intended to say "I won't go there because that restaurant is expensive," you may mix up the cause and effect:
  Cause so Effect
Warning  ungrammatical私は行きません から あのレストランはたかいです。
I won't go there so that restaurant is expensive. 
This means I won't go there, therefore, that restaurant is expensive. To correct the problem, you need to reverse the statements:

あのレストランはたかい(です)から、私は行きません。

 

14
 ~んです: Explanation Mode  

 

The Japanese has two distinct modes of speaking. One is a report mode. This mode is what we have practiced so far. The other mode is an explanation mode. Dialogue 4 contains this explanation mode of speaking --- the sentences ending in んです. (んです is the conversational form of more formal のです.) Imagine the following situation --- The bus you are waiting for is behind the schedule, and you are concerned that you will be late for an appointment. When you speak of this fact in isolation, you can simply use the report mode like this:

(1) バスが きません  The bus is not coming.

However, this sentence does not convey the right apologetic tone of explaining why you cannot arrive (somewhere) in time. In order to sound like you are giving an excuse for being late, you have to use the explanation mode:

(2) バスが こないんです  It's that the bus is not coming.

 

not coming

Sentence (1) above is an objective statement of fact that the bus is not coming, but Sentence (2) has an additional implication that is explained by the fact that the bus does not come --- some fact (e.g., "you are going to be late for an appointment") is caused by something else (e.g., "the bus is not coming on time"). The predicate before んですmust be in the plain form. The verb and い-adjective examples are shown below. Note that んです is a fixed expression. It NEVER changes to the past tense (んでした) or to a negative form (んじゃないです).
  Plain
Verb/-Adj
んです    
  かえる
かえらない
たかい
たかくない
んです   It's that (someone) is going home.
It's that (someone) is not going home. 
It's that it is expensive.
it's that it is not expensive.
If the predicate before んです is a non-past, affirmative noun or な-adjective sentences as shown below, the plain form changes to . If the predicate is a negative noun or な-adjective sentences, they follow the same rule as the verb and い-adjective sentences. Note that ~なんです and ~ないんです below may sound alike but they are two different expressions.
  Plain
Noun/-Adj
んです    
  日曜日
ひま
んです   It's that it's Sunday.
It's that I'm free.
  日曜日じゃない
ひまじゃない
んです
  It's that it's not Sunday. 
It's that I'm not free.
The question form んですか is usually used in combination with the question word どうして (Why?). To answer a why-question, use either ~からです or ~んです ending. Do not combine these forms (i.e., ~んからです is ungrammatical).
    どうして Plain Form

んですか

   
  A: どうして わさびを たべない んですか   Why don't you eat wasabi?
  B:   わさびは きらいだ
わさびは きらいな
からです
んです
  It's because I dislike wasabi. 
It's that I dislike wasabi.

FYI: The question form んですか should be used with caution. For example, if you say いいんですか, you are not only asking if something is good, correct, appropriate, etc. but also implying that what just happened with that person needs an explanation (and even an apology in some cases). It is safe to avoid using this form of questions when such an implication offends the listener.

 

The んです ending itself can be made into the plain form (or んだ) in a casual conversation as shown below.

A and B are acquaintances. A and B are friends.
A: どうしてビールを飲まないんですか
B: あした、テストがあるんです。
A: ああ、そうなんですか。
A: どうしてビールを飲まないの?
B: あした、テストがあるんだ。
or あした、テストがあるの。 [feminine]
A: ああ、そうなんだ