Grammar Notes 8 | ||
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Polite past verbs can be obtained by changing the non-past affirmative ます ending to ました and the negative ません ending to ませんでした.
Earlier, we learned から (from) and まで (to/till) can be used to referred to the beginning and ending of activities. These particles can also express starting and ending points of movement.
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The polite past noun and な-adjective sentences can be obtained by changing the です ending to でした for the affirmative form and adding でした to the negative form. There are alternate negative past forms. In this case, the tense marker い changes to かった as shown below. (FYI: This is similar to the past-tense formation of い-adjective sentences explained below.)
Frequency expressions we learned before (いつも, たいてい, ときどき, あまり, ぜんぜん, etc.) are used to approximate frequency. To state the number of times something occurs, we use the following pattern using the frequency counter (かい or ど). Particle に is required after the time frame. No particle is needed after the frequency. The approximation suffix ぐらい (about) can be added after the frequency (e.g., 二かいぐらい). Here is the table for these counters 1-10. The frequency expressions in red below are exceptions. かい counter is more commonly used to count frequencies beyond 3 times. (ど is also used to count "degrees".) indicates exceptions in pronunciation.
To state the length of time (duration) something occurs, we use the following pattern. the particle に is required after the time frame, but no particle is needed after the duration. The approximation suffix ぐらい (about) can be added after the duration (e.g., 8時間ぐらい).
Particle で (by/by means of ) expresses the means and tools to do something. Do not confuse this with the particle で (at) that expresses the location of activities. あるいて is the て-form of あるきます (to be explained in Lesson 10). あるいて must be combined with the verbs of coming and going (e.g., きます and いきます). で is not needed with あるいて. |
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The sentence particle が can serve as a conversation opener as shown below. A conversation open is often used to provide background information for an upcoming question or request. が can also be used to introduce a new context within which S2 is to be understood.
い-adjective sentences work differently from な-adjective sentences. The past form of い-adjective sentences can be obtained by changing the tense marker い to かった as shown below. The adjective いい is a special case: いいです changes to よかったです.
The past negative forms have two alternate forms as shown below. Usage examples follow. Note that ええ、そうでした/いいえ、そうじゃありませんでした are NOT acceptable in answering い-adjective sentence questions.
Additional examples:
Note: The change from です to でした is grammatical ONLY for noun and な-adjective sentences. The same change is ungrammatical for い-adjective sentences.
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How to obtain plain negative verbs (Method 1)
1. う-Verbs
The plain, non-past negative う-verbs can be obtained by using the same verb stem-based method we used in Lesson 7. Here is another way of looking at the same changes. The polite う-verbs use the い-row sounds (the second row) of the hiragana chart (e.g., かきません、およぎません、はなしません、まちません、しにません、あそびません、のみません、はいりません、かいません). The plain negative う-verbs can be obtained by changing the い-row sounds to the あ-row sounds (the first row). For example, changing き to か as in かきませんかかない. This is shown in the following video.
2. る-Verbs
The plain form of る-verbs is obtained by simply changing ません to ない.
3. Irregular Verbs
Note: Do not apply the past tense formation rule of adjectives to negative past verbs. The verb forms in the middle below are all ungrammatical.
How to obtain plain negative verbs (Method 2)
The alternate method of obtaining the negative forms from the verb-root share the same concept as above. The plain negative forms are obtained by adding the negative suffixes to the verb root: /anai/ (for う-verbs) or /nai/ (for る-verbs).
To form the plain い-adjective sentences, just delete です. For な-adjectives and noun sentences, change です to だ. This だ can be deleted. For verb sentences, the plain form verbs can be directly used.
The plain forms of sentences are used in informal conversation among family members, friends and peers. For all the plain form questions, the だ ending and the question particle か are deleted and a rising intonation is used instead. When transcribing questions, a question mark (?) may be used to indicate the rising intonation. Other sentence particles (e.g., よ and ね) are kept in the plain forms. The interjections はい/ええ and いいえ also change to the casual forms. If だ is dropped in non-past, plain noun/な-adjective sentences, adding sentence particle よ or ね to such sentences makes them sound feminine. See the rule below.
The politeness level of sentences are primarily determined by their ending forms. It’s crucial to understand when to use the plain form endings vs. polite form endings because using the wrong form can lead to misunderstandings or even offend someone.
Practical Tip
The connective から (therefore/so) is used in the pattern /S1から, S2/ to state a reason or cause for something. S1 is the reason for S2. Both plain form and polite form can be used within the embedded sentence (S1から) as shown below.
With connective から, if the plain form is used in S1 and the polite form is used in S2 (main sentence), the entire sentence is considered polite as shown above. However, it is awkward to reverse this --- using the polite form in S1 and the plain form in S2 as shown below. English speakers often make a mistake of thinking から works just like the English word "because." Be careful --- The Japanese から and the English "because" work exactly the OPPOSITE ways! Suppose you Intended to say "I won't go there because that restaurant is expensive," you may mix up the cause and effect: This means I won't go there, therefore, that restaurant is expensive. To correct the problem, you need to reverse the statements:
The Japanese has two distinct modes of speaking. One is a report mode. This mode is what we have practiced so far. The other mode is an explanation mode. Dialogue 4 contains this explanation mode of speaking --- the sentences ending in んです. (んです is the conversational form of more formal のです.) Imagine the following situation --- The bus you are waiting for is behind the schedule, and you are concerned that you will be late for an appointment. When you speak of this fact in isolation, you can simply use the report mode like this: However, this sentence does not convey the right apologetic tone of explaining why you cannot arrive (somewhere) in time. In order to sound like you are giving an excuse for being late, you have to use the explanation mode: Sentence (1) above is an objective statement of fact that the bus is not coming, but Sentence (2) has an additional implication that is explained by the fact that the bus does not come --- some fact (e.g., "you are going to be late for an appointment") is caused by something else (e.g., "the bus is not coming on time"). The predicate before んですmust be in the plain form. The verb and い-adjective examples are shown below. Note that んです is a fixed expression. It NEVER changes to the past tense (んでした) or to a negative form (んじゃないです). If the predicate before んです is a non-past, affirmative noun or な-adjective sentences as shown below, the plain form だ changes to な. If the predicate is a negative noun or な-adjective sentences, they follow the same rule as the verb and い-adjective sentences. Note that ~なんです and ~ないんです below may sound alike but they are two different expressions. The question form んですか is usually used in combination with the question word どうして (Why?). To answer a why-question, use either ~からです or ~んです ending. Do not combine these forms (i.e., ~んからです is ungrammatical).
FYI: The question form んですか should be used with caution. For example, if you say いいんですか, you are not only asking if something is good, correct, appropriate, etc. but also implying that what just happened with that person needs an explanation (and even an apology in some cases). It is safe to avoid using this form of questions when such an implication offends the listener.
The んです ending itself can be made into the plain form の (or んだ) in a casual conversation as shown below.
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